Acid reflux, commonly associated with Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD), is a digestive condition in which stomach contents, including stomach acid, flow backward into the esophagus (food pipe). This backflow can irritate and inflame the lining of the esophagus, causing symptoms such as heartburn and a sour taste in the mouth. Occasional acid reflux is common and may occur after a large or heavy meal. However, when reflux occurs frequently, causes troublesome symptoms, or damages the esophagus, it may be diagnosed as GERD and may require medical treatment. The condition can affect people of all ages. Lifestyle factors, certain foods and beverages, medications, pregnancy, and some medical conditions can increase the likelihood of developing GERD.
Acid reflux usually occurs when the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) does not function properly. The LES is a ring of muscle between the esophagus and stomach that normally opens to allow food into the stomach and then closes to prevent stomach contents from flowing backward. If the LES becomes weak or relaxes when it should not, stomach contents can move back into the esophagus. Factors that may contribute to GERD include:
A hiatal hernia occurs when part of the stomach moves upward through the diaphragm. It can interfere with the normal function of the LES and contribute to reflux.
Some medicines can worsen reflux or irritate the esophagus. Examples include certain pain relievers such as aspirin and other medicines that affect the LES or digestive system. Medication should not be stopped without consulting a healthcare professional.
Stress may worsen digestive symptoms in some people. Low levels of physical activity and lifestyle habits associated with weight gain may also increase the risk of reflux.
A healthcare professional may diagnose GERD based on the patient’s symptoms, medical history, and physical examination. If symptoms are persistent, severe, or do not improve with initial treatment, additional tests may be recommended. These may include:
An endoscope is used to examine the esophagus and stomach for inflammation, ulcers, narrowing, or other abnormalities. A small tissue sample (biopsy) may be taken when necessary.
Esophageal manometry measures the strength and coordination of muscle contractions in the esophagus and evaluates the function of the lower esophageal sphincter.
Treatment depends on the severity and frequency of symptoms. The goals are to relieve symptoms, heal irritation or damage to the esophagus, and prevent complications.
For people with severe GERD who do not respond adequately to medicines and lifestyle changes, or those who do not wish to take long-term medication, certain procedures or surgery may be considered. The appropriate option depends on the individual’s condition and medical evaluation.
Stomach acid can damage the lining of the esophagus and cause an open sore known as an esophageal ulcer. It may cause pain, difficulty swallowing, or bleeding.
Long-term exposure to stomach acid can cause changes in the cells lining the lower esophagus. This condition, called Barrett’s esophagus, is associated with an increased risk of esophageal cancer and may require regular medical monitoring.
A Gastroenterologist is the primary specialist for persistent or complicated acid reflux and GERD. A primary care physician or general physician can also perform an initial evaluation and refer the patient to a gastroenterologist when necessary.
Not exactly. Acid reflux describes the backward flow of stomach contents into the esophagus. GERD is a chronic condition in which reflux is frequent or causes troublesome symptoms or complications.
Yes. Acid reflux can cause a burning sensation or discomfort in the chest. However, chest pain can also be a sign of a heart problem, so new, severe, or unexplained chest pain should not automatically be attributed to acid reflux.
Yes. Reflux may become worse when lying down because gravity no longer helps keep stomach contents in the stomach. Avoiding meals shortly before bedtime and elevating the head of the bed may help some people.
Many people can control GERD effectively through lifestyle changes, medicines, and, in selected cases, procedures or surgery. The appropriate treatment depends on the severity and underlying cause.
Occasional heartburn can occur in healthy people, particularly after a large meal. Frequent or persistent heartburn should be evaluated by a healthcare professional.
This article is intended for general informational and educational purposes only. It is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Do not start, stop, or change any treatment based solely on information provided in this article.
