Chest pain or tightness
Air pollution or smoke
Any swelling or irritation in the airways
Certain medications including blood pressure medications, antibiotics
Chemical fumes
Chronic bronchitis
Cold weather
Environmental allergens, such as pet dander, pollen, mold, and dust
Exercise
General anesthesia during surgery
Smoking, including tobacco and illegal drugs
Some food additives and chemicals
Viral, bacterial, and fungal lung infections
Pulmonologist